Aluminium
Sulphate (or Aluminum Sulfate in the USA)
Supplied in kibbled form,
these are large flakes of Aluminium Sulphate, also know as Alum.
It is the traditional coagulant for water treatment applications
including swimming pools with sand filters. In alkaline
solution, Aluminium Hydroxide is formed which is insoluble and
has a positive charge. The negatively charged particles, which
contribute to water cloudiness, are attracted to the positive
Aluminium Hydroxide particles, which become larger and heavier
and more easily removed from the water. The best practice is
to ensure that this takes place in the filter, not in the pool
water itself. The following should be taken into consideration.
Use only with sand filters.
The presence of Sulphates in the pool water may adversely
affect tile grout. This is especially likely if placed in skimmers
where a high concentration will locally occur.
If flocculation takes place in the pool, particles will sink
to the bottom and you will have to vacuum them up. Also, there
will be an unnecessary amount, albeit small, of Aluminium in
the bathing water.
An alkalinity above 75mg/litre as Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) is
required.
Best filtration is achieved at low flow rates. With high flow
rates, the presence of coagulants ("flocculants") may
have a limited effect.
Backwash the filter before dosing.
Use of Aluminium Sulphate lowers pH. Always check pH after
Aluminium Sulphate dosing and adjust to the optimum range of
pH7.2 to 7.6
In commercial pools, liquid Aluminium compounds are metered in
automatically, but in domestic pools this is usually not practical.
Traditionally, solid Aluminium Sulphate dose rates of 20mg/litre
are employed (i.e. 900 gms in a 45,000 litre/10,000 gallon pool).
However, this is likely to lead to a higher than desirable aluminium
content in the pool water and whilst the most common, is probably
the least acceptable method of dosing.
Preferably, make a stock solution of 5% with warm water and
introduce it slowly with a dosing pump as far as possible upstream
from the filter, so that at least 10 seconds elapse for the flocculation
to take place before filtration. The precipitated Aluminium Hydroxide
with gradually coat the upper level of sand with a gelatinous
coating which will assist the filtration process.
Alternatively, make smaller additions of solid material (50
to 100 gm) to the strainer more frequently. If not run continuously,
ensure the filter pump is run for a long period (upwards of 2
days) so that the coagulant and undesirable residues end up where
you want them to be - in the filter, not in the pool
See also Pool Water Flocculant
Bromine Tablets
Bromine tablets are best applied by means of a Brominator not
in the skimmer. Fill the brominator with tablets and set according
to the suppliers instructions to achieve a bromine residual of
1 to 3 p.p.m. in domestic pools and in commercial pools, where
the bather load is higher, 4 to 6 p.p.m. Maintain pH between
7.2 and 7.6
Test the water for for the bromine residual regularly and
use the results to adjust the brominator.
Calcium Hypochlorite
Use between 1 to 2.5 p.p.m. residual chlorine in small
or domestic pools and 2.5 to 5 p.p.m. in public or heavily used
pools. For each p.p.m. of chlorine required use 30gm per 20,000
litres of water. Add Chlorine stabiliser if required.
As it is unstabilised Calcium Hypochlorite is ideal for "shocking"
the pool when required.
Chlorine Reducer
For each 1ppm of excess free chlorine in each 1000 litres
of pool water, 2 grams of Chlorine Reducer would be required.
For example: if you have 3ppm excess free chlorine in 50,000
litres of pool water, 300 grams of Chlorine Reducer would be
required.
Predissolve the Chlorine Reducer in water and distribute around
pool.
Maintain pool pH between 7.2 and 7.6.
DO NOT ADD DIRECTLY TO POOL.
Chlorine Stabiliser
Chlorine stabiliser inhibits the degradation of unstabilised
chlorine sanitisers such as Calcium and Sodium Hypochlorite.
Use 20gm per 20,000 litres for each 1 p.p.m. required. Predissolve
the stabiliser in water and distribute around the pool. Stabiliser
concentration should be maintained between 50 and 150 p.p.m.
Dichlor and Trichlor are already stabilised and probably will
not require separate additions of stabiliser.
Dichlor
Use between 2 to 3 p.p.m. in small or domestic pools
and 2.5 to 5 p.p.m. in public or heavily used pools. For each
1 p.p.m. required add 36gm of Dichlor to 20,000 litres of pool
water. Do not add directly to the pool. Predissolve first in
water and distribute around the pool. Maintain pH between 7.2
and 7.6. Dichlor is the most commonly used stabilised chlorine
donor. It has an alkaline pH in solution and so will increase
the pH of the pool water. This is useful if the pool water is
supplied at less than pH 7.2.
Dichlor Plus
This product is used similarly to Dichlor, but also adds a
small quantity of copper to the water with each dose to deter
algae turning the water green. Additionally a clarifier is added
at the same time. Dichlor Plus is particularly designed for above
ground and "splasher pools" to minimise the time spent
maintaining the water. However it does not provide a full initial
copper dose only a top up, so it is recommended that an initial
dose of liquid copper algicide, such as Hiklear or Poolklear
is added when filling the pool to achieve the required 0.4 p.p.m
starting level of copper immediately.
Use between 2 to 3 p.p.m free chlorine in domestic pools.
For each 1p.p.m of chlorine required add 20g of DICHLOR PLUS
to 10,000 litres of pool water. Do not add directly to the pool.
Predissolve first in water and distribute around the pool. Maintain
pH between 7.2 and 7.6.
Because Dichlor Plus also contains a component to improve the
efficiency of your filtration, it may be necessary to clean the
filter cartridge more frequently.
Filterklean
Sand Filters
Backwash filter and drain it.
Add 250 ml. per 18" filter, 500 ml per 24" filter
or 750 ml per 30" filter
Fill the chamber with water. Allow to soak overnight.
Backwash the filter and return to service.
Cartridge Filters
Remove cartridge and other screens from the unit. Flush any soiling
from the filter body, cartridge and screens. Soak overnight the
filter cartridge and screens in a 2 to 5% solution of FILTERCLEAN
depending upon soiling. Rinse thoroughly. Reassemble the filter
and return to service.
Carry out these procedures at least fortnightly.
Hardness Increase
It is necessary to keep control of the Calcium hardness in
pool and spa water. Too much Calcium will cause scaling of pipes,
valves, pumps and especially heat exchange equipment. Too little
Calcium and pool construction materials such as tiles and cement
will tend to dissolve in the water causing surface damage.
Various "ideal" Calcium levels are quoted by pool
equipment manufacturers and you should seek their guidance. These
are likely to be in the range of 100 to 500 parts per million.
Typical levels would be 120 p.p.m for Plastic Pools and 220 p.p.m.
for tiled and marblesheen pools.
If the pool equipment manufacturer advises raising the Calcium
content: -
1 Kilo of Hardness Increase will raise the Calcium content
of 20,000 litres of water by 90 parts per million.
If you need to reduce the hardness, then fresh water needs
to be added, provided of course that it doesn't have too much
Calcium in it. In this case SCALE CONTROL should be used to sequester
the Calcium.
Note: If you are using Calcium Hypochlorite as a Sanitiser then
you are already adding Calcium to the water. You should also
know the hardness of your water supply. Your water supply company
can tell you this. If your kettle regularly "furs up"
then your water supply has got a lot of Calcium already!
Hexaquest
This product provides the opposite treatment to increasing
the Calcium hardness. It may become necessary when there is excess
Calcium and Magnesium in the water and it is causing problems
through scale build up. The two most likely causes are that the
water supply is in itself excessively hard or use of Calcium
Hypochlorite has caused the build up. SCALE CONTROL acts by rendering
soluble the salts which cause the scale.
A typical dose rate would be 2.5 kilos per 25,000 litres of
pool water. Predissolve the powder in hot water and distribute
around the pool.
Hiklear Algicide
Routine Use
Adjust pool pH to between 7.2 and 7.6
Test for total Copper content. If this has fallen below 0.2
mg/litre, add Long Life Algicide at the rate of 1 litre
per 25000 litres of pool water.
Heavy Duty Use
Shock treat the pool by raising the free chlorine level to
between 10 and 20 p.p.m of available chlorine.
Add Hiklear Long Life Algicide at the rate of 2 litres per
25000 litres.
Test for Copper Content periodically and follow routine use
instructions above.
Maintain sanitiser at normal levels to control bacteria.
Do not add directly to the water, pre dilute into several
bucketfuls and distribute around the pool.
Do not use in conjunction with Baquacil sanitiser.
Oxygen Shock
A non Chlorine shock designed as an alternative to using Chlorine
based materials. It does not over stabilise the Chlorine and
is particularly recommended for Bromine systems where its use
will reactivate the sanitiser.
Adjust water pH to between 7.2 and 7.6
Pools
Add OXYGEN SHOCK at the rate of 250 grammes per 20,000 litres
of Pool Water.
Dissolve in 50 to 100 gram quantities in a bucket of water and
distribute evenly around the pool.
Spa Baths
Add OXYGEN SHOCK at the rate of 12 grammes per 1000 litres
of water.
Predissolve in water and add to the bath.
Due to its fast dissolution, bathers can return to the water
in 30 minutes.
Repeat treatment at 2 week intervals or more frequently if
bather load is high or the pool becomes contaminated or cloudy.
pH Decrease
Sodium Bisulphate is the traditional material for lowering pH in commercial and
other pools.
Predissolve several 25 gram quantities of pH DECREASE in a
bucket of water (without Chlorine or Bromine in it). Distribute
around the pool. Typically add 300 grams to a 20,000 litre pool
daily until the pool is in the range between pH.2 and 7.6 It
is always better to make several small corrections and retest
between additions.
pH Increase
If the pH of your water is too low, the water may become acidic
enough to cause corrosion and can cause discomfort to the bather.
It is then necessary to increase the pH.
Predissolve 10 grams of pH INCREASE in a bucket of water. Distribute
around the pool. Allow several hours for the pump to mix the
water and retest. It is always better to make several small corrections
and control the pH between 7.2 and 7.6.
Poolklear Algicide
New pools:
Adjust pH to between 7.2 and 7.6 with pH increase or pH decrease
as necessary.
Add 0.75 litres of Poolklear Algicide per 25,000 litres of pool
volume.
Routine Use:
Adjust pH to between 7.2 and 7.6 with pH increase or pH decrease
as necessary.
Test for Copper content. If this has fallen below 0.2 mg/litre,
add Poolklear
Algicide at the rate of 0.4 litres per 25,000 litres.
Provides an ideal overwinter treatment in conjunction with WINTER
CONDITIONER.
Poolwater
Flocculant
Turbidity of pool water is sometimes caused by tiny particles
which are negatively charged. As each particle has the same charge,
they repel each other and cannot coagulate together to allow
removal by the filtration system. The addition of a cationic
(positively charged) polymer to the water attracts the negatively
charged particles to it and allows coagulation.
Backwash the filter. Add POOL WATER FLOCCULANT at the rate
of 0.75 litre per 25,000 litres of pool water. If the pool is
very cloudy, you can either increase the dosage to 1 litres per
25,000 litres of pool water, or use a further application after
24 hours. Pre dilute the flocculant in a clean plastic container
and distribute evenly around the pool. Circulate the filtration
pump to circulate the water three times and then for a further
8 hours. It may be necessary to vacuum the pool if circulation
is halted, but the particles will mostly be removed by the filtration.
The advantages of this material over Aluminium Sulphate are:
It does not add Aluminium to bathing water.
It can be added to pool water and is especially suitable for
spa baths.
It has no effect on pH
It has no adverse affect on grout.
See also Aluminium Sulphate
Quatklear Algicide
As a matter of personal preference, some people prefer an
algicide without Copper. There are advantages and disadvantages.
Copper products can stain and even cause fair or bleached hair
to adopt a blue colouration. Many Copper compounds are classified
as Dangerous to the Environment (at concentrations not likely
to be found in pools). However by releasing Copper slowly into
the water, Copper Algicides are usually of a "long life"
type. Copper algicides do not sanitise.QUATKLEAR is based on
a polyquaternary compound which is an effective against algae,
does not stain, supplements the main sanitiser and as it is positively
charged, can promote coagulation in the same manner as Pool Water
Flocculant. This type of algicide is fully active when introduced
into the pool and does not slowly release like a long life algicide.
Routine Use
Shock treat the pool with OXYGEN SHOCK.
Adjust pool pH to between 7.2 and 7.6
Add QUATKLEAR (Non Copper Algicide) to the pool at the rate
of 1 litre per 25,000 litres.
Top up with weekly additions of 250 mls per 25,000 litres.
Heavy Duty Use
Shock treat the pool according to the sanitiser suppliers
instructions.
Add Non Copper Algicide (QUATKLEAR) at the rate of 2 litres
per 25000 litres.
Maintain sanitiser at normal levels to control bacteria.
QUATKLEAR will be absorbed by debris such as dead leaves or
dead algae. Always brush or vacuum the pool before starting a
chemical treatment.
Scale Control
This material is used to inhibit scale formation and
mineral precipitation in spa baths.
Initial dose rate: 70mls/100 gallons (154mls/1000 litres)
Top up dose rate: 25mls/100 gallons (55 mls/1000 litres) at least
once a week
Additions should be made directly to the spa bath at the water
inlet.
Spa bath water should be changed on a regular basis. If dissolved
solids are allowed to build up, the point will be reached where
scale control is not possible. Under these circumstances the
water MUST be changed.
Sodium Hypochlorite
Use between 2 to 3 p.p.m. residual chlorine in small or domestic
pools and 2.5 to 5 p.p.m. in public or heavily used pools. For
each p.p.m. of chlorine required use 150gm (120ml) per 20,000
litres of water. Add Chlorine stabiliser if required.
As it is unstabilised Sodium Hypochlorite is ideal for "shocking"
the pool when required. It has the advantage that as it contains
no Calcium, it is ideal for hard water use where it is not desirable
to increase the Calcium content.
This product is intended for commercial use. Extreme care
is required when using this material in a domestic environment.
Under no circumstances should it be mixed with acids such as
pH Decrease.
Spa Antifoam
This silicone emulsion is used to control foam in spa
baths.
Make additions when the circulation and filtration system is
running.
Initial dose: 100ml/1000 litres
Weekly or as required maintenance dose: 50ml/1000 litres
Storage: Store above 5Deg. C. Do not allow to freeze.
Spaklean
Highly concentrated chlorinated alkaline detergent used
for circulation cleaning. Not suitable for use on die castings
and alkali sensitive metals.
Clear Spa Area and ensure no bathers can enter.
Add SPAKLEAN to spa bath at the rate of 40-80mls per 1000 litres
of spa water dependent upon soiling.
Circulate for a minimum of one hour but preferably longer.
Drain spa bath and refill with water.
Circulate the water for 15 minutes and drain.
Refill spa bath.
Adjust pH of the water and add the recommended amount of sanitiser.
Spa Essences
Like Sauna Milks, the addition of a fragrance to your
spa bath is a matter of personal choice both as to the type and
to the intensity. Start off with just a 1 or 2 capfuls in 1000
litres and increase if necessary until you like the effect. Consider
too that your fellow bathers may have different tastes and don't
try too many cocktails of fragrances.
SpaLine
Lower water by several inches, apply SPALINE to dirty
area.
Leave for around 10 minutes.
Gently rub area until the tide mark is removed.
Remove gel with a clean cloth.
Care should be taken not to drip gel into the water.
Top up water to desired level and check pH and sanitiser levels
of the water.
Steam and Sauna Milks
The amount used is very much a matter of personal preference.
Our product is one of the most concentrated available. For saunas
we suggest a starting point of 1 or 2 capfuls to a 10 litre bucket
of water. This is then poured over the hot rocks. Do not pour
the concentrate onto hot surfaces directly. Our sauna milks are
specially formulated to minimise the charred odour that can occur
with some products.
For steam room injection a typical use would be making a stock
solution of 1 part product : 2 parts water. This is then injected
into the system at typically 1:20
Tileklean
Use as received.
Apply to the area to be cleaned by brush or acid resistant
spray and work well into the dirt/scale.
Leave for 15 minutes to allow penetration. Rinse off thoroughly
with cold water. Repeat the treatment as required.
If scale and grease is allowed to build up, it will become
increasingly difficult to remove and can even cause unsightly
staining. Because of this, regular cleaning is recommended.
Total Alkalinity Increase
Total alkalinity measures the bicarbonate content of the pool.
This is present as a pH "buffer".
It should be regularly monitored and maintained at between 100
and 200 p.p.m.
Any lower than 100 p.p.m will cause the pH to fluctuate in an
uncontrolled manner.
More than 200 p.p.m causes the pool water to resist pH changes
due to "overbuffering".
When the Total Alkalinity is less than 100 p.p.m, add Total
Alkalinity Increase at the rate of
1 Kg per 25,000 litres of pool water.
When the Total Alkalinity is in excess of 200 p.p.m, add pH
Decrease at the rate of 0.75 Kg per
25,000 litres of poolwater.
Trichlor
Dispense using a chlorinator. Use between 2 to 3 p.p.m.
residual chlorine in small or domestic pools and 2.5 to 5 p.p.m.
in public or heavily used pools. Being acidic, Trichlor will
reduce the pool water pH and so it is particularly useful where
the incoming mains water is alkaline.
Trichlor
Plus
Dispense using a chlorinator. Use between 2 to 3 p.p.m.
residual chlorine in small or domestic pools and 2.5 to 5 p.p.m.
in public or heavily used pools. Being acidic, Trichlor will
reduce the pool water pH and so it is particularly useful where
the incoming mains water is alkaline.
This product is used similarly to Trichlor, but also adds
a small quantity of copper to the water with each dose to deter
algae turning the water green. Additionally a clarifier is added
at the same time. Trichlor Plus is particularly designed for
above ground and "splasher pools" to minimise the time
spent maintaining the water. However it does not provide a full
initial copper dose only a top up, so it is recommended that
an initial dose of liquid copper algicide, such as Hiklear or
Poolklear is added when filling the pool to achieve the required
0.4 p.p.m starting level of copper immediately.
Because Trichlor Plus also contains a component to improve
the efficiency of your filtration, it may be necessary to clean
the filter cartridge more frequently.
Winter Conditioner
Used to minimise algal growth and scale deposition problems
during pool over wintering.
WINTER CONDITIONER is even more effective when used in conjunction
with POOLKLEAR Algicide.
Instructions for use:
Remove all debris from the pool.
Adjust the pH of the pool water to between 7.2 & 7.6,
using pH Increase or Decrease as required.
Shock dose the pool with 5 litres per 25,000 litres of Sodium
Hypochlorite or 1 Kilo of OXYGEN SHOCK
per 25,000 litres.
Raise the concentration of POOLKLEAR Algicide by the addition
of 1 litre per 25,000 litres of
pool water.
Add WINTER CONDITIONER to the pool at a rate of 3 Litres per
25,000 litres of pool water.